Home Current Health Articles Causes of Left Side Abdominal Stomach Pain Causes of Left Side Abdominal Stomach Pain. Posted by Jan Modric. MIDDLE STAGE This document is one in a fivepart series on the stages of Alzheimers disease and is written. American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. See Terms Conditions of Use for more information. DSMIV and DSM5 Criteria for the Personality Disorders. The Connection Between Missing School and Health A Review of Chronic Absenteeism and Student Health in Oregon October 2014 Tia Henderson, Caitlin Hill, Kerry Norton. Diabetes Food To Avoid Diabetes Management For Physicians The 3 Step Trick that Reverses Diabetes Permanently in As Little as 11 Days. DIABETES FOOD TO. Determine if you change your life because of your fear. Unfortunately fears can be so severe that we feel the best way to make them go away is to avoid them completely. Diabetes Food To Avoid Pdf The 3 Step Trick that Reverses Diabetes Permanently in As Little as 11 Days. DIABETES FOOD TO AVOID PDF The REAL cause. Get Facts on Attacks,Types Medications. Anxiety Disorders. What is Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of nervousness, apprehension, fear, or worry. Some fears and worries are justified, such as worry about a loved one or in anticipation of taking a quiz, test, or other examination. Problem anxiety interferes with the sufferers ability to sleep or otherwise function. Arousal-and-Performance-Final.jpg' alt='How To Avoid Stage Fear Pdf' title='How To Avoid Stage Fear Pdf' />It is noteworthy that teenagers are particularly susceptible to having irritability as a symptom of a number of emotional problems, including anxiety. Anxiety may occur without a cause, or it may occur based on a real situation but may be out of proportion to what would normally be expected. Severe anxiety can have a serious impact on daily life. Anxiety can be accompanied by a variety of physical symptoms. Most commonly, these symptoms are related to the heart, lungs, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. You may have upset stomach, diarrhea, trouble breathing, feel as if you may faint or are having a heart attack. What Causes Anxiety Problem anxiety may be caused by a mental condition, a physical condition, the effects of drugs, or from a combination of these. The doctors initial task is to see if your anxiety is caused by a medical condition. Conditions as varied as anemia, asthma attack, infection, drug intoxication or withdrawal, or a number of heart conditions are just a few examples of medical problems that can be associated with anxiety. Common types of anxiety are classified as a number of distinct mental conditions. Panic disorder In addition to attacks of anxiety, called panic attacks, common symptoms of panic disorders are stomach upset, palpitations feeling your heart beat, dizziness, and shortness of breath. These same symptoms also can be caused by caffeine consumption, amphetamines speed is the street slang for amphetamines when they are not prescribed by a doctor, an overactive thyroid, abnormal heart rhythms, and other heart abnormalities such as mitral valve prolapse. The panic attack sufferer may experience their mind going blank or that they somehow do not feel real, in that they feel as if they are looking at themselves from outside of themselves. In order to qualify for the diagnosis of panic disorder, the individual would experience repeated panic attacks rather than just one episode. Generalized anxiety disorder Those who endure this condition experience numerous worries that are more often on the mind of the sufferer than not. Those worries interfere with the persons ability to sleep, frequently affect appetite, energy level, concentration, and other aspects of daily functioning. Phobic disorders People with phobias experience irrational fear that may rise to the level of panic attacks in response to a specific thing or situation. Examples of phobias include fears of spiders, insects in general, open spaces, closed in spaces, air travel, heights, and social anxiety. Obsessive compulsive disorder Individuals with this condition either suffer from intrusive and distressing thoughts obsessions or engage in irresistible, often repetitive behaviors compulsions. Examples of obsessions include worries about germs or having items in a particular order. Examples of compulsions include counting items or activities, avoiding walking on cracks, or avoiding touching doorknobs. Separation anxiety disorder Considered a disorder of children, separation anxiety disorder can be diagnosed when a child becomes extremely anxious in response to anticipating or being separated from one or more caregiving adults usually a parent. The separation may come with the childs going to school each day or going to bed each evening, for example. Fear appeal is a term used in psychology, sociology and marketing. It generally describes a strategy for motivating people to take a particular action, endorse a. Stress disorders. These common external factors can cause anxiety Stress at work. Stress from school. Stress in a personal relationship such as marriage or friendships. Financial stress. Stress from an emotional trauma such as the death of a loved one, a natural disaster, victimization by crime, physical abuse or sexual abuse for example, acute stress disorder or post traumatic stress disorderStress from a serious medical illness. Side effects of medication. Intoxication being high on with an illicit drug, such as cocaine or amphetamines. Withdrawal from an illicit drug, such as opiates for example, heroin or from prescription drugs like Vicodin, benzodiazepines, or barbituates. Symptoms of a medical illness. Lack of oxygen In circumstances as diverse as high altitude sickness, emphysema, or pulmonary embolism a blood clot with the vessels of the lungThe doctor has the often difficult task of determining which symptoms come from which causes. For example, in a study of people with chest pain that could be heart disease but turned out not to be heart related, 4. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 1. Patient Comments Reviews. The e. Medicine. Health doctors ask about Anxiety. Groupthink Wikipedia. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences. Groupthink requires individuals to avoid raising controversial issues or alternative solutions, and there is loss of individual creativity, uniqueness and independent thinking. The dysfunctional group dynamics of the ingroup produces an illusion of invulnerability an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made. Thus the ingroup significantly overrates its own abilities in decision making and significantly underrates the abilities of its opponents the outgroup. Furthermore, groupthink can produce dehumanizing actions against the outgroup. Antecedent factors such as group cohesiveness, faulty group structure, and situational context e. Groupthink is a construct of social psychology but has an extensive reach and influences literature in the fields of communication studies, political science, management, and organizational theory,1 as well as important aspects of deviant religious cult behaviour. Groupthink is sometimes stated to occur more broadly within natural groups within the community, for example to explain the lifelong different mindsets of those with differing political views such as conservatives and liberals in the U. S. political context4 or the purported benefits of team work vs. However, this conformity of viewpoints within a group does not mainly involve deliberate group decision making, and might be better explained by the collective confirmation bias of the individual members of the group. Most of the initial research on groupthink was conducted by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University. Janis published an influential book in 1. Janis used the Bay of Pigs disaster the failed invasion of Castros Cuba in 1. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1. Later studies have evaluated and reformulated his groupthink model. HistoryeditWilliam H. Whyte, Jr. derived the term from George Orwells 1. Fortune magazine Groupthink being a coinage and, admittedly, a loaded one a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well. Irving Janis pioneered the initial research on the groupthink theory. He does not cite Whyte, but coined the term by analogy with doublethink and similar terms that were part of the newspeak vocabulary in the novel Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell. He initially defined groupthink as follows I use the term groupthink as a quick and easy way to refer to the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive ingroup that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action. Groupthink is a term of the same order as the words in the newspeak vocabulary George Orwell used in his dismaying world of 1. In that context, groupthink takes on an invidious connotation. Exactly such a connotation is intended, since the term refers to a deterioration in mental efficiency, reality testing and moral judgments as a result of group pressures. He went on to write The main principle of groupthink, which I offer in the spirit of Parkinsons Law, is this The more amiability and esprit de corps there is among the members of a policy making ingroup, the greater the danger that independent critical thinking will be replaced by groupthink, which is likely to result in irrational and dehumanizing actions directed against outgroups. Janis set the foundation for the study of groupthink starting with his research in the American Soldier Project where he studied the effect of extreme stress on group cohesiveness. After this study he remained interested in the ways in which people make decisions under external threats. This interest led Janis to study a number of disasters in American foreign policy, such as failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1. Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco 1. Vietnam War 1. 96. President Lyndon Johnson. He concluded that in each of these cases, the decisions occurred largely because of groupthink, which prevented contradictory views from being expressed and subsequently evaluated. After the publication of Janis book Victims of Groupthink in 1. Groupthink Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes in 1. These events included Nazi Germanys decision to invade the Soviet Union in 1. Watergate scandal and others. Despite the popularity of the concept of groupthink, fewer than two dozen studies addressed the phenomenon itself following the publication of Victims of Groupthink, between the years 1. This is surprising considering how many fields of interests it spans, which include political science, communications, organizational studies, social psychology, management, strategy, counseling, and marketing. Cours Excel Pdf Gratuit Telecharger. One can most likely explain this lack of follow up in that group research is difficult to conduct, groupthink has many independent and dependent variables, and it is unclear how to translate groupthinks theoretical concepts into observable and quantitative constructs. Nevertheless, outside research psychology and sociology, wider culture has come to detect groupthink somewhat fuzzily defined in observable situations, for example. Twitter point to the predominance of the hive mind in such social media, the kind of groupthink that submerges independent thinking in favor of conformity to the group, the collective1. The predilection of many cult leaders for abstract, ambiguous, and therefore unchallengeable ideas can further reduce the likelihood of reality testing, while the intense milieu control exerted by cults over their members means that most of the reality available for testing is supplied by the group environment. This is seen in the phenomenon of groupthink, alleged to have occurred, notoriously, during the Bay of Pigs fiasco. Groupthink by Compulsion. Groupthink at least implies voluntarism. When this fails, the organization is not above outright intimidation. In a nationwide telecommunications company, refusal by the new hires to cheer on command incurred consequences not unlike the indoctrination and brainwashing techniques associated with a Soviet era gulag. SymptomseditTo make groupthink testable, Irving Janis devised eight symptoms indicative of groupthink. Type I Overestimations of the group its power and morality. Illusions of invulnerability creating excessive optimism and encouraging risk taking. Unquestioned belief in the morality of the group, causing members to ignore the consequences of their actions. Type II Closed mindedness. Rationalizing warnings that might challenge the groups assumptions. Stereotyping those who are opposed to the group as weak, evil, biased, spiteful, impotent, or stupid. Type III Pressures toward uniformity. Self censorship of ideas that deviate from the apparent group consensus.